Theories Of Language Acquisition

Theories Of Language AcquisitionThis essay provide read with three theories of voice communication skill the linguistic supposition, behaviourist theory and affable interactionist theory. Each theory entrust include an explanation of the theory, a appearance at whether it is nativist or empirical, whether the raise is to a greater extent foc utilised on competence or performance, the attest supporting(a) and criticising the theories and examples of how the theories apply to the atomic number 18as of dustup and phrase therapy will also be looked at.The c at a termpt of a quarrel capability was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1976 and suggested that humans have an innate familiarity of grammar which has two levels of linguistic processing deep structure and surface structure. aim one incorporates phrase structure swayers which be the basic relationships underlying every sentence organisation in every last(predicate) phrases. Level two incorporates transformati onal rules that command the rearrangement of the phrase structure rules based on a specific structure. He suggested that humans have a quarrel erudition device -replaced by Universal Grammar in his later work- that allows us to create symbols and organise communicatory expressions. Harley (2008). He argues that it is wind at a time when the childs intellectual capabilities argon non yet developed and therefore cannot be dependent on noesis. Harley (2008) latterly Chomsky has revised some of his previous claims and his more recent cuddlees are the minimalist Program and the Principles and Parameters theory.Chomsky refers to the liking of parameter setting to explain the acquisition of several(predicate) expressions, that exposure to a specific lyric is cons orchestrateed by switches that are set off within a certain environment. Harley (2008). An example of a parameter setting is whether a language is pro-drop or not. If a child is exposed to a pro-drop language much(p renominal)(prenominal) as Italian or Spanish they automatically know that they are allowed to drop the pronoun, whereas an English language learner will have the parameter setting at non-pro-drop, and get the pronoun. According to Chomsky, as cited in Harley (2008) the language faculty should involve a cognitive system that holds information, and a performance system that can use this information.Competence-which is a persons knowledge of language involving the rules of grammar-, is favoured over performance within linguistic theory. The focus of language learn in linguistic theory is on the child. Unlike in behaviourism, the environment does not shape or train communicative behaviour. Berko Gleason (2005). Nativists follow the desire that language is much too coordination compound a process to learn and that it is learnt at such a devalued rate, that it would be impossible for it not to be innate.Lennebergs critical period guess states that language development occurs during a critical period of a childs vivification and that certain linguistic events moldiness take place in state for it to progress. Harley (2008). However, evidence from routine language acquisition enquiry shows that this can be true for phonological and syntactic development, plainly research has shown that it is not a perfect test of the critical theory hypothesis overall, as second language learners will have already ascertaind a first language. Harley (2008). encouraging evidence cross-linguistically shows that regardless of the word outrank of a language, subject-object order is followed by children, which proves the existence of a language acquisition device universally. Berko Gleason (2005). If children are deprived of linguistic input during the critical period, studies have shown they are unavailing to acquire language designly, as is the wooing with Genie. Genie was a convention child who suffered extreme abuse in her home and spent virtually of her time tied up in isolation, so she was unexposed to wrangle from a young age. Because of this abuse, she was deprived physically and socially and her linguistic skills were undeveloped. When she was taken into boot at almost 14 years of age, Genie was taught language but she never reached full fluency. She learned certain syntactic structures but her case proves that a limited amount of language can be learnt once the critical period has been passed. Harley (2008)Contrary evidence claims that just language solely is not sufficient to acquire language, that input is necessary and that the influence of environmental factors cannot be ignored. Pinkers (1984) poverty of stimulus idea offers that just because someone cannot call up how a particular behaviour might have been learned, it does not hateful it was not learned. Berko Gleason (2005) Chomsky does not focus on the link between phrase structure and semantics though he does refer to it in his book Syntactic structures with the reiterate c olourless green ideas sleep furiously which shows an example of a syntactically typeset sentence lacking meaning.In terms of how linguistic theory applies to the vault of heaven of speech and language therapy, an explanation of aphasia and agrammatism is necessary. Aphasia is a language pain that results from brain damage cause by disease, stroke or brain trauma. The briny characteristics of one fictional character of aphasia, Brocas, are the speech being telegraphic, which means that articles, conjunctions, prepositions, functionant verbs and pronouns and morphological intonations are omitted. Agrammatism is a feature of Brocas aphasia and the various linguistic theories that deal with agrammatism are trace deletion hypothesis, theta assigning principle, double habituation hypothesis and tree pruning hypothesis. Edwards (2005).One of these theories, the tree pruning hypothesis, is an example of how the sentence structure of a language can be affected. The impairment occurs on the highest nodes of the syntactic tree and in English, this means that Wh questions and yes/no questions are affected, although in early(a) languages, it can vary. The impairments are in word order, in embedded clauses and inflection for tense. Edwards (2005). While a syntactic explanation for language impairments in Brocas aphasia and agrammatism can show what needs to be worked on in therapy, the lead nature of the deficits are different depending on whether it is a production or comprehension deficit so the speech and language therapy case concern plan would have to be modified depending on which one it is.In contrast to the linguistic accent on language use, the behavioural tenseness was mainly developed by the psychologist BF Skinner in his book communicatory Behaviour (1957).His basic premise is that children learn to talk because of imitation and reinforcement. disdain many variants of hypotheses concerning behaviourism, most theories consist of the idea that langu age is a subset of a behaviour which is learned through connections between a stimulus and a response. Owens (2008). They agree that there are some familiar connections with language learning in the brain yet disagree with the idea of specific internal structures and suggest further research is necessary to understand the processes. Berko Gleason (2005)In comparability to linguistic theory where the focus is on competence, performance is highlighted more in behaviourism. Skinner (1957) described language as being something we do and that it is a learned behaviour like any other skill. Contrary to nativists, he claimed that syntactic forms were not important and defined language as verbal behaviour since a child is unable to create a rule and thus shaped by external stimuli (parents).The idea that language is a learnt behaviour opposes that of nativism. Skinner (1957) claimed that parental reinforcement allows a child to acquire language and that it is a process of imitation that a child must work at. In this model, children are seen as passive recipients of language breeding and it is suggested by Skinner that the child has no active role in acquisition. According to Whitehurst and Novak (1973) after a fate of trial-and-error modelling the braggy role-models in the environment-by shaping and imitation training-reinforcement and punishment will improve childrens speech output. An example of this reinforcement is soothing or attending to the child when they arise correct speech sounds. It is said that with enough sound samples, the child will learn a word association pattern rather than rules of grammar. Owens (2008). What is suggested is that language behaviour is shaped by the environment and not governed by rules or maturation, unlike in Chomskys generativist approach.Supporting evidence for behaviourism include studies of some(prenominal) disordered and normal children. Since Skinners research, environmental input is considered an requirement part of the acquisition of language, despite Chomskys conclusion that Skinners work was premature. Owens (2008). Lovaass (1977) advancement with behavioural modification of children with autism has shown that techniques such as shaping and reinforcement assist children with restricted speech abilities. It should be noted that despite this discovery, it is unclear how the acquisition process differs between normal and disordered children. In a 1968 study by Palermo and Eberhart, adults were shown to follow the very(prenominal) learning patterns as children, when they were taught an artificial language.Evidence against behaviourism shows that darn testing ground studies on adults show positive results, they do not provide a full explanation on how children acquire language since they are not done in a childs environment. Adults also provide a worthless model of imitation as their grammar is full of errors, dialects and slang. What this shows is that children do not reproduction parents be cause how could they select correct speech over erroneous speech? Additionally, research by Brown and Hanlon from 1970 shows that children are not punished or rewarded for utilise certain utterances and the main focus of correction or reward is more on the semantics than the syntax. What this shows is that in behaviourism, input is focused on excessively and is short(p) at explaining the full gamut of what is required to learn a language. Berko Gleason (2005)As previously mentioned, behaviourism has been useful in speech and language therapy in the area of autism. With the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), communication for children with autism can be vastly improved and act as an aid in devise strategies for solving issues and improving the standard of living for people.The interactionist approach puts forward the idea that a variety of factors influence the language development of a child, while using a mix of the linguistic and behavioural approaches. There are th ree different approaches concerning interactionism Piagets cognitive theory, information processing and the social interactionist theory. Piagets synergetic approach focuses on constructivism, which is the idea that linguistic structures are the emergent properties of language. His idea that childrens processes are essentially different to adults would also have an effect on language acquisition. The second approach sees cognition as being computational, deriving patterns from data while assuming the mind as a type of software and the brain as hardware. The third approach is one that will be focused on here and it concerns the social interactionist theory.According to Vygotsky (1962) cognitive and social factors can influence the development of language acquisition, which in loose can have a reciprocal influence on cognition and social abilities. Social interactionists believe that children influence their parents in their acquisition of language and that they and the language env ironment work together as a energizing system. Berko Gleason (2005)In terms of competence and performance, interactionists need more performance input than what is suggested by generativists. Parents must provide the communication aids that children need in order to acquire language. According to Vygotsky (1962) language is only initially something used for young children to interact socially and is only developed over time to become something else. Interactionists also believe that maturation and cognition are an essential part of language acquisition and that until a child is at a certain level of cognition they will be unable to acquire language.Similar to behaviourists, the environment is where interactionists believe language skills appear, but more emphasis is placed on social development than on Piagets cognitive development. Non-linguistic elements (turn-taking, joint gaze and joint attention) are necessary for social development on with motherese, or child-directed speec h (CDS) which is a specific way of accosting to children that differs to how adults advertise with one another. Bruner, as cited in Harley (2008) claims language development occurs within a language acquisition socialization system (LASS) which contains these innate non-linguistic elements.In positively evaluating this theory, those in favour, believe that CDS is an assisting factor in child language acquisition. This is confirm by studies of fourteen different languages and proves that infants have selectence over this contour of speech. In a study by De Casper and Fifer from 1980, infants are found to prefer their own Mothers CDS over another Mothers CDS. Berko Gleason (2005). In a study cited in Berko Gleason (2005), by Tomasello and Farrar from (1986), it appears that Mothers who focus on the object of their childs gaze have children who speak their first words earlier and also have larger vocabularies. scorn positive evidence from studies, detailed analysis on how developm ent is influenced by social interactions is insufficient.As already mentioned, evidence suggests further testing is necessitate in the area of social interactionism. An explanation for the lack of detail is provided by Berko Gleason (2005) and suggests two of the issues with this theory are that it does not exist in all languages, and it has not been in existence for the same length of time as other theories, so may not have the counter evidence to compare it to. To date, studies have shown the difference of features between CDS and adult-like speech, yet the existence of these patterns does not prove the assistance in the acquisition of language for children. A suggestion is made by Baker and Nelson, cited in Berko Gleason (2005) that it is awkward to know whether language development is caused by parents lack of communication or childrens. Research of language delays in neglected children suggest that the childrens impairments may de-motivate parents with the result being dese rted parenting.An example where social interactionism can assist in the area of speech and language therapy is the previously mentioned example of Genie. Genies experience of neglect highlights the evidence that the correct environment is necessary for language learning, that a specific social place setting is required for normal language learning to occur. This knowledge can assist in the assessment and evaluation of a neglected child. Another example, such as the Hanen programme, is based on the social interactionist model where parents facilitate language learning in everyday situations, but as it requires a lot of parental input at home, it may be a difficult kind of intervention to apply in practice.To conclude the social interactionist analysis, this approach takes from both the linguistic theory in terms of children having an innate narrow down language device and from the behaviourist theory it values the influence of the environment on language acquisition.This essay look ed at three theories of language acquisition the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory include an explanation of the theory, discussed whether it took a nativist or empirical approach and whether the evidence was more focused on competence or performance. The evidence supporting and criticising the theories was included along with examples of how the theories applied to the areas of speech and language therapy.

Literature Review On Social Networking Media Essay

Literature Review On Social Ne dickensrking Media EssayThe way muckle live these days is by entirely odds different than the previous, large number now pass to luck their daily flavor events, immatures and even feelings and emotions with new-fashioned(prenominal)s. Social entanglements range (SNSs) has pop the questiond the facility of enabling them to do so.The Social Data Revolution (SDR) is the wobble in human colloquy patterns towards increased personalisedisedised information sharing and its related implications, made affirmable by the rise of neighborly entanglements in early(a) 2000s. While mixer interlocks were use in the early days to clandestinely sh atomic number 18 photos and snobbish messages, the subsequent trend towards pack hands-offly and actively sharing personal information more(prenominal) broadly has resulted in unprecedented amounts of general entropy.Janet Fouts in her book defines the hearty media as stack engaged in conversa tion around a topic online. (Fouts, 2009).Her definition is a oecumenicalization to the unscathed topic, so there is a nonher definition by (Boyed and Ellison, 2007) that is Social network ranks are defined as wed-based usefulnesss that allow individuals to three principal(prenominal) points the first is to construct a public or semi-public profile in spite of appearance a system, the second is to formulate a distinguish of separate exploiters with whom they share a assignion, and the third is to view and cutoff their list of joinings and those made by others within the system.This definition describes in specific the way people splice done with(predicate) the societal network billets, and the nature and classification of these connections may neuter from target to site.While we use the consideration well-disposed network site to describe this phenomenon, the term social networking sites in like manner appears in public discourse, and the two damage are often u sed inter tiltably. We chose not to employ the term networking for two reasons emphasis and scope. communicateing expresss relationship initiation, often between strangers. While networking is assertable on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC).The term social network site is interchangeably used with the term social networking site, yet they are not the comparable. The term networking in round manner readerers to theOr skillful remove the whole paragraphWhat makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they modify users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between latent ties (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily networking or spirit to meet new people instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing rollick of these sites, we label them social network sites.While SNSs confirm implemented a wide variety of technical suffers, their backb unrivaled consists of visible profiles that display a clear list of Friends who are also users of the system. Profiles are unique pages where one can type oneself into being (Sundn, 2003, p. 3). After joining an SNS, an individual is asked to take in out forms containing a series of questions. The profile is generated exploitation the answers to these questions, which typically entangle descriptors much(prenominal) as age, location, interests, and an somewhat me section. or so sites also encourage users to transfer a p rofile photo. Some sites allow users to enhance their profiles by fetching mul clockdia system content or modifying their profiles look and feel. new(prenominal)s, much(prenominal) as Facebook and twitter, allow users to add modules (Applications) that enhance their profile.The profile of a profile varies by site and consort to user discretion. By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe.net are crawled by search engines, do them visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the watcher has an account. Alternatively, LinkedIn controls what a viewer may see based on whether she or he has a paid account. Sites worry MySpace allow users to choose whether they want their profile to be public or Friends only. Facebook takes a different approach-by default, users who are part of the same network can view apiece others profiles, unless a profile owner has decided to deny permission to those in their network. Structural variations around visibility and access are one of the pr imary ways that SNSs differentiate themselves from each other.After joining a social network site, users are prompted to learn others in the system with whom they hand over a relationship. The label for these relationships differs depending on the site- favorite terms include Friends, Contacts, and Fans. Most SNSs require bi-directional confirmation for Friendship, but some do not. These one-directional ties are sometimes labeled as Fans or Followers, but many sites call these Friends as well. The term Friends can be misleading, because the connection does not necessarily mean familiarity in the everyday vernacular sense, and the reasons people connect are varied (boyd, 2006a).The public display of connections is a all-important(a) component of SNSs. The Friends list contains links to each Friends profile, enabling viewers to journey the network graph by clicking through the Friends lists. On turn up to sites, the list of Friends is visible to anyone who is permitted to view the profile, although there are neglections. For instance, some MySpace users concord hacked their profiles to encompass the Friends display, and LinkedIn allows users to opt out of displaying their network.Most SNSs also provide a weapon for users to leave messages on their Friends profiles. This induce typically involves leaving comments, although sites employ non-homogeneous labels for this feature. In addition, SNSs often have a private communicate feature similar to webmail. While some(prenominal) private messages and comments are touristed on virtually of the major SNSs, they are not universally available.Not all social network sites began as such. QQ started as a Chinese newsbreak messaging returns, LunarStorm as a society site, Cyworld as a Korean discussion forum tool, and Skyrock (formerly Skyblog) was a French blogging service in advance adding SNS features. Classmates.com, a directory of give instruction affiliates launched in 1995, began allowing artic ulated lists of Friends after SNSs became popular. AsianAvenue, MiGente, and BlackPlanet were early popular ethnic community sites with limited Friends functionality before re-launching in 2005-2006 with SNS features and structure.Beyond profiles, Friends, comments, and private messaging, SNSs vary greatly in their features and user base. Some have photo-sharing or video-sharing capabilities others have built-in blogging and instant messaging technology. There are mobile-specific SNSs (e.g., Dodgeball), but some web-based SNSs also avow limited mobile interactions (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, and Cyworld). Many SNSs objective people from specific geographical regions or linguistic groups, although this does not invariably determine the sites community. Orkut, for example, was launched in the United States with an English-only interface, but Portuguese-speaking Brazilians promptly became the dominant user group (Kopytoff, 2004). Some sites are knowing with specific ethnic, religiou s, sexual orientation, political, or other identity element-driven categories in mind. There are even SNSs for dogs (Dogster) and cats (Catster), although their owners must handle their profiles.While SNSs are often designed to be widely accessible, many suck homogeneous populations initially, so it is not uncommon to find groups exploitation sites to separate themselves out by nationality, age, educational level, or other factors that typically segment society (Hargittai, 2008), even if that was not the intention of the designers.A annals of Social Network SitesThe Early YearsThe first recognizable social network site launched in 1997. SixDegrees.com allowed users to pretend profiles, list their Friends and, beginning in 1998, surf the Friends lists. Each of these features dwelled in some form before SixDegrees of course. Profiles existed on more or less major dating sites and many community sites. AIM and ICQ buddy lists supported lists of Friends, although those Friends were not visible to others. Classmates.com allowed people to connect with their high school or college and surf the network for others who were also joined, but users could not hit profiles or list Friends until years later. The first to combine these features was SixDegrees.SixDegrees promoted itself as a tool to dish up people connect with and send messages to others. While SixDegrees attracted megs of users, it failed to continue, the service closed in 2000. Looking back, its puter believes that SixDegrees was simply ahead of its time (A. Weinreich, personal communication, July 11, 2007). While people were already flocking to the Internet, most did not have extended networks of friends who were online. Early adopters complained that there was little to do after accept Friend requests, and most users were not interested in meeting strangers.From 1997 to 2001, a number of community tools began supporting various combinations of profiles and publicly articulated Friends. AsianAv enue, BlackPlanet, and MiGente allowed users to create personal, professional, and dating profiles, users could identify Friends on their personal profiles without seeking approval for those connections (O. Wasow, personal communication, noble 16, 2007). uniformwise, shortly after its launch in 1999, LiveJournal listed one-directional connections on user pages. People mark others as Friends to follow their journals and manage privacy settings. The Korean virtual worlds site Cyworld was started in 1999 and added SNS features in 2001, independent of these other sites (see Kim Yun, this issue)* surface back to this ref. Likewise, when the Swedish web community LunarStorm refashioned itself as an SNS in 2000, it contained Friends lists, guestbooks, and diary pages (D. Skog, personal communication, family 24, 2007).Ryze.com was the beginning of the next wave of SNSs, it was launched in 2001 to servicing people control their transmission line networks. Ryzes founder reports that he first introduced the site to his friends, primarily members of the San Francisco business and technology community, including the entrepreneurs and investors behind many future SNSs (A. Scott, personal communication, June 14, 2007)*revise this ref. In particular, the people behind Ryze, Tribe.net, LinkedIn, and Friendster were tightly interrelated personally and professionally. They believed that they could support each other without competing (Festa, 2003). In the end, Ryze never acquired mass popularity, Tribe.net grew to attract a passionate receding user base, LinkedIn became a powerful business service, and Friendster became the most significant, if only as one of the biggest disappointments in Internet memorial (Chafkin, 2007, p. 1).Figure 1. Distribution of work task interruptionFigure 1. Timeline of the launch dates of many major SNSs and dates when community sites re-launched with SNS featuresThat was a brief history of the general SNSs. The following section discusses F riendster, MySpace, and Facebook those are the three key SNSs that has shaped the business, cultural, and look background.The Rise (and Fall) of FriendsterFriendster launched in 2002 as a social complement to Ryze. It was designed to compete with Match.com, a profitable online dating site (Cohen, 2003). While most dating sites focused on introducing people to strangers with similar interests, Friendster was designed to help friends-of-friends meet, based on the assumption that friends-of-friends would make better romantic partners than would strangers. Friendster gained swear among three groups of early adopters who shaped the site-bloggers, attendees of the Burning Man arts feast (Who are these?), and gay men (boyd, 2004)-and grew to 300,000 users through word of mouth before traditional press reportage began in May 2003 (OShea, 2003). *find this ref and try to make changes to the prev. paragraphAs Friendsters popularity raised, the site encountered technical and social ambitio usies (boyd, 2006b). Friendsters databases and resolvers were not well equipped to handle its fast maturation, and the site exhausted out regularly, that caused frustrating users who replaced email with Friendster.** rephrase this paragraph Because organic growth had been critical to creating a coherent community, the onslaught of new users who learned about the site from media coverage upset the cultural balance. Furthermore, exponential growth meant a collapse in social contexts Users had to face their bosses and former classmates alongside their close friends. To complicate matters, Friendster began restricting the activities of its most passionate users.The initial design of Friendster certified users from viewing profiles of people who were more than four degrees away (friends-of-friends-of-friends-of-friends). In coif to view additional profiles, users began adding acquaintances and interesting-looking strangers to expand their reach. Some began massively collecting Frien ds, an activeness that was implicitly encouraged through a most popular feature. The ultimate collectors were jook joint profiles representing iconic fictional characters celebrities, concepts, and other such entities. These Fakesters outraged the company, who banished fake profiles and eliminated the most popular feature (boyd, in press-b). While a few(prenominal) people actually created Fakesters, many more enjoyed surfing Fakesters for entertainment or employ functional Fakesters (e.g., Brown University) to find people they knew.The active deletion of Fakesters (and honorable users who chose non-realistic photos) signaled to some that the company did not share users interests. Many early adopters leave because of the combination of technical difficulties, social collisions, and a rupture of trust between users and the site (boyd, 2006b). However, at the same time that it was fading in the U.S., its popularity skyrocketed in the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesi a (Goldberg, 2007).SNSs Hit the MainstreamFrom 2003 onward, many new SNSs were launched, prompting social software analyst Clay Shirky (2003) to coin the term YASNS Yet Another Social Networking Service. Most took the form of profile-centric sites, trying to replicate the early success of Friendster or come in specific demographics. While socially-organized SNSs solicit broad audiences, professional sites such as LinkedIn, Visible Path, and Xing (formerly openBC) focus on business people. Passion-centric SNSs equivalent Dogster (T. Rheingold, personal communication, alarming 2, 2007) help strangers connect based on shared interests. Care2 helps activists meet, Couchsurfing connects travelers to people with couches, and MyChurch joins Christian churches and their members. Furthermore, as the social media and user-generated content phenomena grew, websites focused on media sharing began implementing SNS features and befitting SNSs themselves. Examples include Flickr (photo shari ng), Last.FM (music listening habits), and YouTube (video sharing).With the plethora of venture-backed startups launching in Silicon Valley, few people paid guardianship to SNSs that gained popularity elsewhere, even those built by major corporations. For example, Googles Orkut failed to build a sustainable U.S. user base, but a Brazilian invasion (Fragoso, 2006) made Orkut the national SNS of Brazil. Microsofts Windows Live Spaces (a.k.a. MSN Spaces) also launched to lukewarm U.S. answer but became extremely popular elsewhere.Few analysts or journalists noticed when MySpace launched in Santa Monica, California, hundreds of miles from Silicon Valley. MySpace was begun in 2003 to compete with sites like Friendster, Xanga, and AsianAvenue, according to co-founder Tom Anderson (personal communication, supercilious 2, 2007) the founders cherished to attract estranged Friendster users (T. Anderson, personal communication, February 2, 2006). After rumors emerged that Friendster would adopt a fee-based system, users posted Friendster messages encouraging people to join alternate SNSs, including Tribe.net and MySpace (T. Anderson, personal communication, August 2, 2007). Because of this, MySpace was able to grow rapidly by capitalizing on Friendsters alienation of its early adopters. One particularly notable group that encouraged others to switch were indie-rock bands who were expelled from Friendster for helplessness to comply with profile regulations.While MySpace was not launched with bands in mind, they were welcomed. Indie-rock bands from the Los Angeles region began creating profiles, and local anesthetic promoters used MySpace to advertise VIP passes for popular clubs. Intrigued, MySpace contacted local musicians to see how they could support them (T. Anderson, personal communication, September 28, 2006). Bands were not the sole source of MySpace growth, but the symbiotic relationship between bands and fans helped MySpace expand beyond former Friendster us ers. The bands-and-fans dynamic was mutually beneficial Bands wanted to be able to contact fans, magical spell fans craved attention from their favorite bands and used Friend connections to signal identity and affiliation.Futhermore, MySpace separate itself by regularly adding features based on user demand (boyd, 2006b) and by allowing users to personalize their pages. This feature emerged because MySpace did not restrict users from adding HTML into the forms that framed their profiles a copy/paste code culture emerged on the web to support users in generating unique MySpace backgrounds and layouts (Perkel, in press).Teenagers began joining MySpace en masse in 2004. Unlike older users, most teens were never on Friendster-some joined because they wanted to connect with their favorite bands others were introduced to the site through older family members. As teens began signing up, they encouraged their friends to join. Rather than rejecting underage users, MySpace changed its user policy to allow minors. As the site grew, three explicit populations began to form musicians/artists, teenagers, and the post-college urban social crowd. By and large, the latter two groups did not interact with one another except through bands. Because of the lack of primary(prenominal)stream press coverage during 2004, few others noticed the sites development popularity.Then, in July 2005, News Corporation purchased MySpace for $580 million (BBC, 2005), attracting massive media attention. Afterwards, safety issues plagued MySpace. The site was implicated in a series of sexual interactions between adults and minors, prompting legal action (Consumer Affairs, 2006). A moral panic concerning sexual predators quickly spread (Bahney, 2006), although research suggests that the concerns were exaggerated.A Global PhenomenonWhile MySpace attracted the majority of media attention in the U.S. and abroad, SNSs were proliferating and developing in popularity ecumenical. Friendster gained t raction in the Pacific Islands, Orkut became the premiere SNS in Brazil before growing rapidly in India (Madhavan, 2007), Mixi bring home the bacon widespread adoption in Japan, LunarStorm took off in Sweden, Dutch users embraced Hyves, Grono captured Poland, Hi5 was adopt in smaller countries in Latin America, South America, and Europe, and Bebo became very popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia. Additionally, previously popular communication and community services began implementing SNS features. The Chinese QQ instant messaging service instantly became the largest SNS worldwide when it added profiles and made friends visible (McLeod, 2006), while the forum tool Cyworld cornered the Korean market by introducing homepages and buddies (Ewers, 2006).Blogging services with complete SNS features also became popular. In the U.S., blogging tools with SNS features, such as Xanga, LiveJournal, and Vox, attracted broad audiences. Skyrock reigns in France, and Windows L ive Spaces dominates numerous markets worldwide, including in Mexico, Italy, and Spain. Although SNSs like QQ, Orkut, and Live Spaces are just as large as, if not bigger than, MySpace, they receive little coverage in U.S. and English-speaking media, making it difficult to track their trajectories.Expanding Niche CommunitiesAlongside these open services, other SNSs launched to support niche demographics before expanding to a broader audience. Unlike previous SNSs, Facebook was designed to support distinct college networks only. Facebook began in early 2004 as a Harvard-only SNS (Cassidy, 2006). To join, a user had to have a harvard.edu email address. As Facebook began supporting other schools, those users were also undeniable to have university email addresses associated with those institutions, a requirement that kept the site relatively closed and contributed to users perceptions of the site as an intimate, private community.Beginning in September 2005, Facebook expanded to inclu de high school students, professionals inside corporate networks, and, eventually, everyone. The change to open signup did not mean that new users could easily access users in closed networks-gaining access to corporate networks still required the appropriate .com address, while gaining access to high school networks required administrator approval. (As of this writing, only rank and file in regional networks requires no permission.) Unlike other SNSs, Facebook users are futile to make their full profiles public to all users. Another feature that differentiates Facebook is the mogul for outside developers to build Applications which allow users to personalize their profiles and perform other tasks, such as compare movie preferences and chart travel histories.While most SNSs focus on growing broadly and exponentially, others explicitly seek narrower audiences. Some, like aSmallWorld and BeautifulPeople, intentionally restrict access to appear selective and elite. Others-activity-c entered sites like Couchsurfing, identity-driven sites like BlackPlanet, and affiliation-focused sites like MyChurch-are limited by their target demographic and thus tend to be smaller. Finally, anyone who wishes to create a niche social network site can do so on Ning, a platform and hosting service that encourages users to create their own SNSs.Currently, there are no reliable data regarding how many people use SNSs, although marketing research indicates that SNSs are growing in popularity worldwide (comScore, 2007). This growth has prompted many corporations to invest time and bullion in creating, purchasing, promoting, and advertising SNSs. At the same time, other companies are cube their employees from accessing the sites. Additionally, the U.S. military banned soldiers from accessing MySpace (Frosch, 2007) and the Canadian government prohibited employees from Facebook (Benzie, 2007), while the U.S. telling has proposed legislation to ban youth from accessing SNSs in schools and libraries (H.R. 5319, 2006 S. 49, 2007).The rise of SNSs indicates a shift in the organization of online communities. While websites dedicated to communities of interest still exist and prosper, SNSs are primarily organized around people, not interests. Early public online communities such as Usenet and public discussion forums were structure by topics or according to topical hierarchies, but social network sites are structured as personal (or egocentric) networks, with the individual at the center of their own community. This more unblemishedly mirrors unmediated social structures, where the world is composed of networks, not groups (Wellman, 1988, p. 37). The establishment of SNS features has introduced a new organizational framework for online communities, and with it, a vibrant new research context.Previous learningScholarship concerning SNSs is emerging from diverse corrective and methodological traditions, addresses a range of topics, and builds on a large consistency of CMC research. The goal of this section is to survey research that is directly concerned with social network sites, and in so doing, to set the stage for the articles in this special(a) issue. To date, the bulk of SNS research has focused on impression management and friendship performance, networks and network structure, online/offline connections, and privacy issues. moving picture Management and Friendship PerformanceLike other online contexts in which individuals are consciously able to construct an online internal representation of self-such as online dating profiles and MUDS-SNSs constitute an important research context for scholars analyse processes of impression management, self-presentation, and friendship performance. In one of the earliest academic articles on SNSs, boyd (2004) examined Friendster as a locus of publicly articulated social networks that allowed users to do presentations of self and connect with others. Donath and boyd (2004) extended this to suggest that public displays of connection serve as important identity signals that help people navigate the networked social world, in that an extended network may serve to validate identity information presented in profiles.While most sites encourage users to construct accurate representations of themselves, participants do this to varying degrees. Marwick (2005) found that users on three different SNSs had interlocking strategies for negotiating the rigidity of a prescribed authentic profile, while boyd (in press-b) examined the phenomenon of Fakesters and argued that profiles could never be real. The extent to which portraits are authentic or playful varies across sites both social and technological forces shape user practices. Skog (2005) found that the lieu feature on LunarStorm strongly influenced how people behaved and what they choose to reveal-profiles there indicate ones status as measured by activity (e.g., sending messages) and indicators of authenticity (e.g., using a real p hoto instead of a drawing).Another flavour of self-presentation is the articulation of friendship links, which serve as identity markers for the profile owner. Impression management is one of the reasons given by Friendster users for choosing particular friends (Donath boyd, 2004). Recognizing this, Zinman and Donath (2007) noted that MySpace spammers leverage peoples willingness to connect to interesting people to find targets for their spam.In their examination of LiveJournal friendship, Fono and Raynes-Goldie (2006) set forth users understandings regarding public displays of connections and how the Friending function can operate as a gas pedal for social drama. In listing user motivations for Friending, boyd (2006a) points out that Friends on SNSs are not the same as friends in the everyday sense instead, Friends provide context by offering users an imagined audience to guide behavioral norms. Other work in this area has examined the use of Friendster Testimonials as self-pre sentational devices (boyd Heer, 2006) and the extent to which the attraction of ones Friends (as indicated by Facebooks Wall feature) impacts impression formation (Walther, Van Der Heide, Kim, Westerman, in press).Networks and Network StructureSocial network sites also provide rich sources of representational behavioral data. Profile and linkage data from SNSs can be gathered either through the use of automated collection techniques or through datasets provided directly from the company, enabling network outline researchers to explore large-scale patterns of friending, usage, and other visible indicators (Hogan, in press), and continuing an analysis trend that started with examinations of blogs and other websites. For instance, Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman (2007) examined an anonymized dataset consisting of 362 million messages exchanged by over four million Facebook users for insight into Friending and messaging activities. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2007) explored the relationship between profile elements and number of Facebook friends, finding that profile field that reduce transaction costs and are harder to falsify are most likely to be associated with larger number of friendship links. These kinds of data also lend themselves well to analysis through network visualization (Adamic, Bykkkten, Adar, 2003 Heer boyd, 2005 Paolillo Wright, 2005).SNS researchers have also studied the network structure of Friendship. Analyzing the roles people played in the growth of Flickr and Yahoo 360s networks, Kumar, Novak, and Tomkins (2006) argued that there are passive members, inviters, and linkers who fully participate in the social evolution of the network (p. 1). Scholarship concerning LiveJournals network has included a Friendship classification scheme (Hsu, Lancaster, Paradesi, Weniger, 2007), an analysis of the role of language in the topology of Friendship (Herring et al., 2007), research into the richness of geography in Friending (Liben-Nowell , Novak, Kumar, Raghavan, Tomkins, 2005), and studies on what motivates people to join particular communities (Backstrom, Huttenlocher, Kleinberg, Lan, 2006). base on Orkut data, Spertus, Sahami, and Bykkkten (2005) identified a topology of users through their membership in certain communities they suggest that sites can use this to advise additional communities of interest to users. Finally, Liu, Maes, and Davenport (2006) argued that Friend connections are not the only network structure worth investigating. They examined the ways in which the performance of tastes (favorite music, books, film, etc.) constitutes an alternate network structure, which they call a taste fabric.Bridging Online and Offline Social NetworksAlthough exceptions exist, the available research suggests that most SNSs primarily support pre-existing social relations. Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe (2007) suggest that Facebook is used to apply existing offline relationships or solidify offline connections, a s opposed to meeting new people. These relationships may be weak ties, but typically there is some common offline element among individuals who friend one another, such as a shared class at school. This is one of the chief dimensions that differentiate SNSs from preliminary forms of public CMC such as newsgroups (Ellison et al., 2007). Research in this vein has investigated how online interactions interface with offline ones. For instance, Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2006) found that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete strangers to meet. Likewise, Pew research found that 91% of U.S. teens who use SNSs do so to connect with friends (Lenhart Madden, 2007).Given that SNSs enable individuals to connect with one another, it is not surprising that they have become deeply implant in users lives. In Korea, Cyworld has become an integral part of everyday life-Choi (2006) found that 85% of that studys respondents listed the maintenance and reinforcement of pre-existing social networks as their main motive for Cyworld use (p. 181). Likewise, boyd (2008) argues that MySpace and Facebook enable U.S. youth to socialize with their friends even when they are unable to gather in unmediated situations she argues that SNSs are networked publics that support sociability, just as unmediated public spaces do.PrivacyPopular press coverage of SNSs has emphasized potential privacy concerns, primarily concerning the safety of younger users (George, 2006 Kornblum Marklein, 2006). Researchers have investigated th

Overview Of Tourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay

Overview Of touring rail carriage carry In Malaysia tourerry EssayThis chapter is knowing to provide an overview to phaetonry in malacca cane and the background of Jonker street. It is divided into a few(prenominal) sections to explain about civilisation as a factor for trigger off among touring cars, tourerry situation in malacca, background of Jonker channel, b opposite statement, question objectives, meaning of muse, confinements of take in, definition of basis, methodology as well as look into organization.Overview of tourerry in Malaysia touring carry field in Malaysia is the second largest economical indorser to the body politics Gross Domestic Product after oil and gas production. governing has been giving attention to this arna as it helps in generating employment opportunities, change magnitude economic revenue as well as creating the opportunity for mull over. Malaysia is a country that boasts with its natural environment such(prenominal) (prenominal) as sandy beaches, tropical islands, national parks and volumes, which one of it is known as Southeast Asias highest mountain Mount Kinabalu that is situated in the state of Sabah. Further much, Malaysia is home to a alloy of extraordinary identities, featuring multi-racial and multi-ethnic communities hence, Malaysia has become a country rich in refining, arts and traditions.Over the yrs, this industry in Malaysia has its ups and downs in tourist arrivals and proceeds (refer to t fitting 1), due to economic downturn and natural disasters. The to the highest degree probatory decline in turning of tourists was gived in class 2003 when an clap of disease Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS hit the world environment. However, despite facing the world economic recession in family 2008 and H1N1 influenza disease in 2009, tourist arrivals to Malaysia continued to grow by 57.32% which is from 15.7 million tourists in year 2004 to 24.7 million tourists in ye ar 2011.Table 1 tourist Arrivals to Malaysia from 2002 to 2011YearTourist Arrival (million)Tourism Receipts (RM billion)200213.225.8200310.521.3200415.729.7200516.432.0200617.436.3200720.946.1200822.049.6200923.653.4201024.656.5201124.758.3 stock Tourism Malaysia (2012) heathen Tourism in MalaysiaIn todays world of travel, the shape of learning and experiencing different cultures has been cited as a common and growing factor for travel among tourists (Lynch, Duinker, Sheehan, Chute, 2011). This factor was not a favourite among tourists when a pennant was conducted in the 1980s at the country of United States by Lou Harris, however, in the 1990s, citing visiting pagan, historical and archaeological treasures was principal(prenominal) to most of the surveys respondents (Lord, 1999). This occurrence indicates that heathenish touristry has long been in demand from the tourists eyeshot. fit in to Richards (2007), heathenish tourism has the potential to be a immature form of alternative tourism among local and global tourists. Therefore, heathenish tourism is now a widespread tourism phenomenon. Cultural tourists seek genuineness in their travel (MacCannell, 1973), hence, it is important for a end point to preserve its own unique identity.Malaysia is a country rich of natural beauty and ethnic diversity. As more tourists be into the notion of traveling for the purpose of learning other cultures, Malaysias forward motional board, Tourism Malaysia, has created the slogan Malaysia, Truly Asia as an effort to attract tourists. Besides, malacca cane has besides created the slogan Visit diachronic Melaka Means Visit Malaysia (Hamzah, 2004).Cultural tourism has become a factor that has lured tourist arrivals to Malaysia and had turned out to be a potential form of alternative tourism for some(prenominal) international and domestic tourists (Mohamed, 2005). dickens out of thirteen states in Malaysia ar customary destination for heathenish touri sm, which atomic number 18 malacca and Penang that has gained listings into UNESCO Heritage List on 8th July 2008. malacca cane and Penang both share alike(p)ities regards to elements of inheritance in the state. For example, both cities depend on historical colonial buildings of the city as briny physical attractor for promoting tourism (Ismail, Baum, Kokranikkal, n.d.). Besides, these two cities are located along the Straits of Melaka and were important trading port in the past, had illustrated the multi- heathenism it possesses in the city. (explain the stats)1.3 Overview of tourism in MalaccaFor this pagan tourism study, the city of Malacca has been elect as the studys destination due to the fact that is has been the focal point of Malaysias history. On 15th April 1989, Malacca was then declared as a historic City to boost its image as a historic tourism destination in Malaysia and was seen as an effort to zone land for tourism and urban conservation (Ismail et al., n.d. ). Malacca together with George township Penang has gained listings into UNESCOs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) orb Heritage List in its Culture Category as Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca in year 2008 due to its historical and cultural factors. Among the criteria that has make Malacca into the list are representing the multicultural trading town in East and Southeast Asia tangible and intangible multi-cultural living inheritance whereby different Asian religions, ethnic, language, dance, costumes, art, nutriment and music coexisted take a hops a unique decease of Asian and European colonial influences on its architecture, townscape and culture, especially, its grass over houses and townhouses with some originating in the Dutch and Portuguese periods (UNESCO, n.d.). However, in order to keep the title of cosmos a World Heritage grade, Malacca has to conserve, preserve, and sustain the true unique, fine historical and cultural p arts of Malacca.Malacca has divided its tourism sector to 12 different subsectors and each subsector has its own unique selling point. cardinal of the main subsectors in Malaccas tourism scene, is heritage tourism and cultural tourism. This is due to the fact that Malacca is a state rich with multicultural partnership and surviving artefacts that dates back into the 15th century. For instance, Malacca has a mix partnership of Baba and Nyonya, Kristang (Portuguese-Eurasian or Portuguese-Malac flock), Chitty, Chinese, Malay and Indian each with its unique cultural identity. Hence, it can be summarized that tourism activities that is base on heritage and culture is observableiary in Malacca because besides historical aspects, Malacca to a fault has the uniqueness of tangible and intangible cultural heritage which is not available in any other states in Malaysia, for example the Dutch Square and AFamosa. body-build Tourist Arrivals in MalaccaSource (Melaka-Tourism-Promotion-Div ision, 2012)Figure 1 raises amount of tourist arrivals to Malacca for the past 5 years. Before the declaration of Malacca as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, tourist arrivals recorded by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division (refer to figure 1) was as much as 6,023,311 people in year 2007. However, despite facing world economic recession in year 2008 and 2009, Malacca after the UNESCO declaration, tourist arrivals has picnic up by 19.62% to the number of 7,205,492 tourists in year 2008 and an increase of 23.59% by year 2009 with a total of 8,905,273 tourists. The increase in numbers of tourist arrivals has shown that Malacca has the attractors that could catch the attention of tourists who are mostly domestic tourists. by and by the world economic crisis, tourism was projected to rebound sinewyly in year 2010 and 2011 in international tourist arrivals and receipts (Kapiki, 2011). Conversely, in year 2010 and 2011, although there is an increase in the number of tourist arrivals, it is find that the number had increase by a smaller percentage. For instance, tourist arrivals in year 2010 has an increase by 16.28% compared to arrivals in year 2009 and 17.49% in year 2011 compared to arrivals in year 2010. In other words, although number of tourist arrivals recorded in year 2011 was 12,165,866 tourists, which is the highest record than previous years, however, the arrivals of tourists had reduced while the world saving has slowly improved. This has prompted the question of whether Malaccas attraction is able to provide the authentic experience which is seek by cultural tourists.1.3 Background of Jonker passHistory of Jonker road, consort to a documented seek done by Lim and Jorge (2006), dating in the 15th centuries, Jonker path was one of the densely- populated area of merchants and artisans during the reign of Malacca Sultanate. It continued to be so during the period of Portuguese and Dutch. Following the vote down of Portuguese power to the Dutch, Jal an Hang Jebat was named as Jonker Straat (Noblemans street) by the Dutch. With the strategic situation of Jonker pathway situating near the sea, it has helped in prospering the area and became home to most well-to-do people.To ensure a better landscape is seen in Jonker track, the Dutch government in the mid 1600s, had implemented rules and strict regulations to the houses design, size of brick, persuasion of windows, walls and drain, so that all houses are conformed to the same building standards. In the 1800s, more Chinese merchant bought up houses at Jonker passage, thus, adding Chinese architecture and designs to the faade of buildings. There is a mix club of Chinese, Dutch, Muslim and Portuguese-Eurasian tell staying at Jonker course until the 19th century, bringing in a diverse of culture and architecture.At the present time, Jonker Street is a five hundred cadence long street with a stretch of buildings by both sides of the road. The window dressing of these buildin gs features a mixture of Dutch and Chinese architecture. Many of these houses are as old as 300 years. Although the comprehensiveness of houses along Jonker Street seems narrow, however, the distance of these historical buildings is at least 50 meters long (Ong Ong, 2004) and creates a billet in the middle of the house as courtyards for better air ventilation. Furthermore, the width of Jonker Street is narrow hence, this historical settlement was designed without a sidewalk for pedestrians.Jonker Street similarly known as Jalan Hang Jebat, was selected to form a part of the World Heritage Site listings for its residential and commercial comforts. It is basically, a street that is full of small short letteres, cafes, art gallery, handicraft shops, antique shops and clothing shop, which has made it into a shopping zone in the area. However, it could be noticed that some of the shops conducts two or three types of businesses in one shop lot to increase revenue. For example, t he owner of an ancestral hall had rented out half(prenominal) of the lower ground of the building to an enterprise to sell local food product and handed-down Chinese wedding accessories such as behind linens, wedding attire and red packets and so on In addition, a shop selling souvenirs and antiques, is also selling desserts. These shops are mostly operated by Malaccan residents whereby some of the shops are being passed down from generation to generation such as an antique shop known as Abdul Company.Besides, Jonker Street is also a smear with a phase of artisans and craftsmen such as goldsmiths, gull repairers, clog makers, beaded shoemakers and local chefs. Furthermore, religious activities are conducted at places such as synagogues, company buildings and ancestral halls, located along this road. The presence of temples and clan buildings had not only served its purpose in representing the needs of its clan members, yet it had also strengthened the cultural elements of J onker Street.By looking at its past, it is evident that Jonker Street is rich with different architectural styles, and traditional shops that had made it outstanding. However, measures to promote this priceless treasure have not served its purpose. Malacca tourism officers had noted Jonker Streets heritage and cultural value, thus, to further promote it as a tourism spot, more cafes, shops and accommodations emerged and in June 2000, the local authorities had added a weekly occupation at Jonker Street which is Jonker straits, where it became a street that is popular for its weekend fell market that opens every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Jonker Walk is a popular attraction for tourists as there is an array of products to be exchange, ranging from, snacks, souvenirs, apparel and accessories. consort to a study on tourist movement patterns in Malacca done by Rahman, Ismail, and Wai (2011) in observing 8 tourist zones, which is Dataran Sungai Melaka, St. Pauls Hill, Kota Street, Laksamana Street, Temenggung Street, Kampung Pantai, Tokong Street and Jonker Street, it is proven that the tourist attraction with the highest number of tourists, occurs at Jonker Street. Streets in Melaka World Heritage Site such as Tokong Street, Temenggung Street and Kampung Pantai share similar character as Jonker Street for instance, these streets have traditional traders such as goldsmiths, tin smiths, shop houses and business traders. However, one factor that makes Jonker Street outstanding is the design of its buildings. According to Rahman et al. (2011), Jonker Street was the most visited tourist destination in Malacca as it provides shopping, hotel and catering facilities to the tourists all in one street. Hence, Jonker Street is chosen as the studys destination. Furthermore, Jonker Street together with Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock, has formed the oldest heritage zone in Malacca, and were introduced by Malacca as its living museum (Ong Ong, 2004).Problem StatementMalacca is a state rich in history and culture, which some of it, could not be found in other states of Malaysia. Therefore, plenty of efforts have been made to develop tourism products in Malacca and actively promoting it both at bottom and outside of the country. Jonker Street is one of the examples where by the authority had recognised it as a tourist attraction due to its advantage as the oldest heritage zone in Malacca.1.4.1Influence of Chinese architecture and presence of Chinese clansWhen the British took over in the 1825, most of the properties at Jonker Street were acquired by Chinese merchants and changed the architecture of houses at the street with Chinese facades as more pixilated and influential Chinese merchants began to arrive. Soon in the 1900s Jonker Street depict strong Chinese influence with the presence of nine Chinese clan associations and temple for worship. Traditional skills such as goldsmith, carpentry, bricklaying, boatbuilding and baking were also brought in by th e Chinese community.1.4.2 The beginning of commercial areaShortly, in 1927 Eurasian community begin to appear at Jonker Street. This was when Jonker Street begins to build its reputation as a commercial area with shops selling liquor, repair shops, furniture shops, car showroom and etc. By the end of World War Two and the Japanese Occupation, many residents had moved out of the place, making room for local businesses to start serving the basic needs of Malaccans.1.4.3 Increase of employment opportunitiesTourism sector is now considered as one of the three main witness of fiscal strength in Malaysia besides sources from petroleum and industry (Hoffman, 1979). This sector has provided local people with a lot of employment opportunities it is also seen as a main indicator that contributes to the economic growth of a place. Malacca is a state rich with cultural diversity, this in hand, has given Malacca the opportunity to develop its cultural tourism sector.Conceptually, Jonker Street represents the characteristics of rich historical and multi-cultural background of Malacca. Being in a unique cultural scope has also provided opportunity to the multi-cultural society to transform their culture into a salable object. For instance, tangible culture of Chinese and Baba Nyonya heritage could be sold to tourist through and through food such as chicken rice balls, nyonya laksa and traditional nyonya cakes clothes such as nyonya kebaya, wooden clogs and beaded shoes. This popularity has attracted a variety of new art gallery, curio shop and restaurant operators to begin business in the area. Besides plentiful of shopping choices, the arts and culture of Jonker Street was also reflected through orchestral music performances, dance lessons, food and souvenirs. Jonker Street is now deemed as a cultural attraction by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division.Jonker Street is being promoted as a shopping district, accentuation on things to buy such as antiques and souvenirs rat her than its unique architecture buildings and culture. Undeniably, generating sales is a must in a tourism destination in order to obtain economic benefits from the tourists, yet, are the products sold reflect the culture of Jonker Street? Are the tourists able to remember where they get that install of product from?Jonker Street has been chosen as the case study based on previous research citing that there is vagueness to the meaning of Jonker Street as a cultural attraction despite possessing criteria that proved it is. According to Ong and Ong (2004), whose study is based on Jonker Walk- the weekend iniquity activity in Jonker Street, has garnered license that the project has received negative criticism from the public, citing that it is a negative development on Jonker Street and it is a poor idea in conserving Malacca. matchless of the criticism mentioned in Ong and Ong (2004), was from Elizabeth Vines (Unesco Asia-Pacific representative) noting that the development of Jon ker Walk as a tourist attraction has changed its original character into a commercialised tourist attraction Vines also mention that in order to bring success to tourism development and promotion of the state, the State Government and entrepreneurs has to consider Malaccas character, soul and authenticity.Furthermore, Lim and Jorge (2006), has also point out that the development of Jonker Street as a night market on weekends, has become the means of destruction of the streets heritage by evicting traditional craft masters and demolition of heritage buildings. For example, premises of goldsmiths from the 1800s to year 2000 were renovated, taking away antique painted glass panels and wall mirrors to equip a fast food outlet, a craftsman of traditional Chinese bound foot shoe maker as well as incense and joss stick maker were evicted from their premises and demolished the buildings to make way for new multi-storey hotel which had failed to happen.More to the point, this issue was also brought up by Lindt (2012), Jonker Street is an example of culture street in Malacca that had been transformed into a tourist destination which is less authentic, citing that liquors, batik linens and cheeky T-shirts are among the products sold to tourists at the centuries old heritage street.From the discussion above, the most significant problem being discovered is since the local authorities implemented a new project named Jonker Walk to add to the attractions of Jonker Street, this has raised the question of whether this development affects the cultural values inherent to it? How much of culture value in Jonker Street still remains after the transformation? What cultural experience does Jonker Street offer? Hence, this research is to study what are the products that are provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elements and the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders.1.5 Research ObjectiveThe main objective in this study is to examine whether tourists perceived Jonker Street as an authentic cultural attraction. From this main objective, three sub-objectives are formed, as listed belowTo study the be product provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elementsTo study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders (government, Jonker Walk Committee, entrepreneur and tourist)1.6 Research QuestionAs an investigative research study, the research questions developed are based on the objectives of the research. The research questions are as belowWhat product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction?What are the demographics of tourists in Jonker Street?What is the interest to visit Jonker Street?What is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street?Table 1 abridgment of Objective and Research QuestionResearch ObjectivesResearch QuestionsTo study the brisk product provided at Jonker Street in relat ion to culture tourism elementsWhat product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction?What are the demographics of tourists in Jonker Street?What is their interest to visit Jonker Street?To study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholdersWhat is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street?Significance of studyJonker Street is among the famous tourist attraction in Malacca. The authorities have to ensure that Jonker Street has its unique selling point that would be able to attract tourists revisiting the place again. Tourist influx to the street has generated income for some of the residents at the area by selling souvenirs, clothes, food and so on. However, it is noted through observation that products sold at Jonker Street, especially souvenirs are mostly imported goods from other countries and does not signify or reflect cultures of Jonker Street. Hence, this research is to study the authe nticity of cultural products at Jonker Street.Authenticity is related with cultural tourism as authenticity in tourism context means the desired experience a tourist gets associated with visits to tourism destinations the result of encountering a culture different than of the tourist (Smith, 1989) which is similar to the objective of cultural tourism that is for the tourist to learn and experience the culture of other nations. This study willing be significant to the tourism promotion boards of Malacca as it tries to understand the attractions at Jonker Street, characteristics of tourists and stakeholders perceptions. Perceptions of stakeholders determine whether Jonker Street is able to provide the authentic experience that tourists seek in a cultural tourism destination. This in turn helps tourism planners of Malacca to further leaven cultural tourism in its state, whilst maintaining the culture of Malacca people.1.8 scope and limitation of studyThis study is limited to stakeho lders related to Jonker Street, Malacca only. It is focused on stakeholders perception of authenticity of cultural product at Jonker Street, Malacca. The dependent uncertain of this study is perception of stakeholders while the independent variables are products provided at Jonker Street and characteristic and profile of tourist. This study will use authenticity as a measure to view stakeholders perception on Jonker Street. This will show whether Jonker Street is perceived as a cultural attraction or vice versa. The unavailability of secondary information of tourist arrivals at Jonker Street and time restrain has also caused limitations to this study.Definition of termsThe following definitions of terms are used for this studyAuthenticityAuthenticity comes from the word authentic. In general, authentic means genuine, realness and purity. Authenticity in the leisure context means the real or genuine experience a tourist gets during their travel to places with cultures different tha n their own (Hillman, n.d.). Objective authenticity is an experience whereby tourists are able to understand the culture of other society at a tourist destination (Hillman, n.d.).Cultural tourismCulture includes a grand spectrum of beliefs, a set of practices that acts as a general guiding principle. According to Bonink and Richards (1992), cultural tourism is defined as travelling to specific cultural destinations such as heritage sites, artistic and cultural attractions, arts and gambol at places outside of their usual environment (as cited in (Ding, 2009))Cultural ProductsCultural products reflect a cultures characteristic. As said by Ivanovic (2008), the cultural attraction itself is known as the cultural tourism product. The author has noted that when native cultural value is found at a cultural attraction, it gives the place potential to be developed as a cultural tourism product. Furthermore, the development of accommodation, infrastructure, services and facilities at that cultural attraction, will be an added value to the product. Hence, the intrinsic value of culture along with added value has formed the destinations cultural resources into cultural tourism products. For example, when a tourist visits a destination, they are actually using the total cultural product, which are, accommodation, food, weather, transportation, hospitality and attitude of hosts (Ivanovic, 2008). Cultural products could be categorized into two groups which are tangible and intangible. Tangible products are things that are presented in a material form while intangible products are that societies believe it exists but could not be seen. Examples of tangible products are toys, melodic instruments, dresses, types of residence, food, sports equipment, literature and artwork while intangible products are such as dance, music, language and literary styles (Lawrence, 1999).MethodologyResearch ObjectiveLiterature go offCultureThe concept of Cultural tourismThe concept of Authe nticity master studyData CollectionStructured InterviewData digestData gathering key inData Selection formulationContent AnalysisSummary of findingsFinal ReportBackground leaseMalacca, voice from the street (Lim Fernando, 2006)The making of Jonker Walk (Ong Ong, 2004)Research ProblemScope of ResearchJonker Street, MalaccaProduct mixCharacteristic and profile of touristPreparation of InterviewThe research approach for this study will be based on observation, literature review and interview. Selection of respondents will be chosen through purposive sampling. The survey will be conducted at Jonker Street, Malacca on weekends to collect data from domestic and international tourists and entrepreneurs as well as to conduct structured interview on weekdays with other stakeholders such as government and Jonker Walk Committee. Data tranquil through this survey will be analysed through content analysis. The purpose of the data analysis is to discover the interest for tourist to visit Jonker Street, the products provided at Jonker Street regarding to culture tourism and to understand the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street.1.11 Research OrganisationChapter 1 Chapter 1 is an introduction to the background of research, research problem, research objective, research question, scope and limitations of study, definition of terms, research procedure and research organizationChapter 2 Chapter 2 will discuss about abstractive framework to explain regarding culture tourism, culture products, authenticity, and relations of cultural products to authenticity. This will explain about the effects of authenticity of cultural products to tourists.Chapter 3 Chapter 3 highlights the methodology of research which will be used in this study. The perspective of stakeholders towards authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street will be collected through structured interview.Chapter 4 Chapter 4 explains on the authenticity of cultural products from the perspective from stakeholders of Jonker Street, Malacca.Chapter 5 Chapter 5 gives conclusion on the study by analyzing findings on the perspectives of stakeholders chosen and make suggestions to the relevant authorities of Malacca.Chapter 6 Chapter 6 states the limitations of study, conclusion and presents information on possible extensions on future research.

Analysis of Learning Styles and Theories

Analysis of Learning Styles and Theories character APart 1 Who I am as a looker?What is nurture room? concord to H maveny and Mumfords skill appearance questionnaire (1992) learning is seen as a continuous cycle in which a person has a learning look, reviews the experience, concludes from that experience and plans the next step. A persons pickences for one or more of the stages of the learning cycle translate into strengths and weaknesses of learning style.In experiential learning theory, the model of style is ground on a theory of learning. The theory defines four phases in the process of learning from experience concrete experience reflective observation abstract conceptualization and bustling experimentation. single learning styles be defined by a persons cartel on these four learning modes. (Boyatzis and Kolb, 1995)Gagne (1984) says these strategies enable assimilators to choose at attach times the intellectual skills and declarative knowledge they will bring to ca use on learning, remembering, and problem solving.1. VARK launching of VARKThe VARK stands for Visual (V), aural (A), Read/ spell out (R), and Kinesthetic (K). It is a tool for learner to analyze their learning style. According to the Fleming (2009) VARK is a questionnaire that provides users with a profile of their learning drutherss. It is astir(predicate) a learners preferences for pickings in and giving out information in a learning context. The purpose of VARK is to help learner to commemorate nearly their learning style in multiple ways. It suggests some melodic themes for learner to know which learning methods argon suitable for them and how they can learn effectively.However, the limitation of VARK is that questionnaire does non show anything about motivation. It solely contributes to improve learning. Learners only can change their study methods based on their VARK results (Fleming, 2009).My learning style result of VARK is as followsAccording to my VARK result, I si re got nine marks in Aural. Visual, Read/ Write as well as Kinesthetic are all in 7 marks. It shows that I am a multimodal learning style. I can learn from polar learning styles and it implies that I have strong in Aural area.Aural learner learns by listening who identicals to be provided with aural instruction manual. In fact, my result of the VARK is closes match to my own learning style as I often use different learning methods under different situations. For example, I prefer attend group discussions, lecture and tutorial. At school, I uniform to attend the lecture to lectern the teacher to explanation. In the concluding course of instruction project, I enjoy discuss with my group members and explain new idea to some others. Also I follow my group leader instructions to muster up some useful data from the internet for our project.On the other hand, I too as a Visual style learner. Visual learner prefers demonstrations in their learning and can learn through descriptio ns. In my working experience, I work in Wellcome supermarket, my supervisor demonstrated that how to placed the goods on the shelves and told me all products in which area. I can easily get the message and memorize it because of leaving a strong impression in my mind.For the kinaesthetic learner, I prefer experiencing things rather than only read the notes during the learning process. For example, I need to trials on my own when buying a new diligent phone, rather than reading the leaflet of the products.Finally, VARK result can indicate my learning styles. Sometimes I wish well practice actively, sometimes I prefer listening only. Thats why I have multimodal preferences. In fact, I have to pay more attention in different learning styles. VARK is precise useful for helping me to know more about my learning preferences.2. MBTIIntroduction OF MBTIThe Myers-Briggs typecast Indicator (MBTI) was developed by Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myer. It based on the theories of psychologist Carl Jung (Morgan and Barbour, 2008). Hutchinson (1997) shows how personality indicators such as the MBTI can he used in a practical way to understand differences in how large number exonerate and to assist in squad building and communication in a business environment.The MBTI scales invoice a preference for four dimensions (Saggino, Cooper and Kline, 2001)Extraversion-IntroversionWhich represents the point toward the outer world of people and things or the inner world of concepts and ideas.Sensing-IntuitionWhich reflects the individuals preference for factual realistic or global possibilities perception.Thinking-FeelingWhich represents arriving at judgments by achromatic and logical processes or by subjective processes.Judging-PerceptionThe process of coming to a conclusion about something or get aware of something.In combination, the MBTI is a sixteen-type personality profile instrument. (Goby and Lewis, 2000)However, according to Coe (1992), he said that the MBTI has several limitations. First, it does not show any indication about peoples values and motivations. Second, the MBTI does not measure itineraryology. Third, the MBTI does not measure how well the preferred functions are performed.My MBTI result for my natureAccording to my MBTI results, the above result shows that my preferred style of MBTI is ESFJ and ESFP which are 72% and 66 % respectively. It shows the nearly dominant function is extrovert, sensing, as well as whimsy.For the ESFJ, the most classical preferences are Extraverted Feeling. This means I focussing on building harmony in the working environment. I like to build rapport with people and create a positive atmosphere. I look after peoples welfare. Also I like to keep everybody skilful and have a good congenatorship with others. I value other peoples contributions, seek to develop the role that others play, and invest a lot of reason in building positive relationships. I try to overcome differences of opini on and find ways in which people can agree.For the ESFP, the most important preferences are Extraverted Sensing. I bring things to fruition by get things done, and getting them done now. I am very action-oriented, dealing with some(prenominal) t have a bun in the ovens the current situation presents. I often spur others into action as well. I make use of your experience and utilize tools or processes of which I already have knowledge. I try to have an immediate feign on things, injecting a sense of urgency, and aiming to achieve clear goals and tangible results. sales booth on the result, MBTI helps me to understand the personality. I agree that I am an outgoing person. As I have worked as Wellcome Supermarket, I found that building the positive atmosphere can improve the relationship inside the company. I also like to build a good relationship with customers that I enjoy work into a happiness environment. Also I am a vice-president of my secondary schools alumni association. I like to share my study path with others.Besides that I also concern on what group members mental picture rather than my feel and invest a lot of effort in building positive relationships. So I am a feeling person. As a sensing person, when I am doing assignments, I wishing to focus on the facts which help my working process. Also, I like to ask my classmates who had experienced those situations previously in order to make a fall apart decision.Those two personality types (ESFJ and ESFP) are differing in Judging and Perception. This preference is about the process of coming to a conclusion about something or becoming aware of something. I also think the judging is my personality. I like to make a plan and follow the guideline to work within a time limit. When I am doing final year project, I hope myself and my aggroup members follow our plan and to meet the requirement.3. BELBINIntroduction of BELBINThe Belbin team-role memorial is a well-known and established measure for identi fication of individual team roles (Senior and Swailes, 1998). Belbins particular focus on the establishment of roles within a team, where the assumptions of duties and responsibilities depends on a measure of self-discovery combined with a perception of the needs of the team as a whole. Belbin identify 9 team roles in relation to different needs of a group including plant, resource investigator, co-coordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, complete finisher and specialist.My BELBIN result for my Team RoleAccording to my Belbin report, the most preferred roles that I suited are team worker and specialists in which I scored about 80 and 100 respectively.Specialist means people who have the unique(predicate) knowledge and skills to do their tasks. This type of people is warm in providing special knowledge and skills to accomplish the team goals. They will only contribute on only a limited front and brood on specialized personal interest. They only consider th eir own specific area to come out a solution, so they cannot provide a wider perspective. For example, I am interested in computer. I prefer to do something about data analysis and search information from the internet. In final year project, I use my knowledge to analyze the research data and fall flat the conclusion on that part. Also I provide technological support in the presentation.Team worker represents the people who are co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic. They prefer to work with others and usually listen, builds and avert the friction within the team. They are indecisive in crunch situations. For example, I often listen to others instructions in my work. Also I need to cooperate with my colleagues to complete the works.4. compactTo summarize, I believe these tests are quite reliable. According to the test results, I know and understand myself more. I am an extravert person who likes to prate with others and learn from different learning styles. I can cooperat e with others and also concern their feeling. I provide my computer knowledge for people and give some advice for them.Therefore, these tests help me identify myself and let me know how to improve myself. It makes me think more and consider which job is suitable and interesting to me. If I hope to be a leader, I need to learn more different styles and improve my weaknesses. It will be a great benefit to my rising career.ReferencesBoyatzis, R. Kolb, D. (1995) From learning styles to learning skills the executive skills profile, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10(5), pp. 3-17Boyle, G (1995) Myers-Briggs guinea pig Indicator (MBTI) Some Psychometric Limitations, Humanities Social Sciences papers, Bond UniversityBriggs, K. and Myers, I. (2009) wanton Personality Test MMDI website, Available at http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/mmdi-re/mmdi-re.htm (Accessed 19th November 2009)Coe, C.K., (1992) The MBTI potential uses and misuses in personnel administration, Available at http//www.all business.com/human-resources/343006-1.html (Accessed 19th November 2009)Fleming, N. (2009), FAQ of VARK official website, Available at http//www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=faq (Accessed 19th November 2009)Goby, V. Lewis, J. (2000) Using Experiential Learning supposition and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Teaching Business conversation, Business Communication Quarterly, 63(3), pp. 39-48.Jackson, C. Lawty-Jones, M. (1996) Explaining the overlap between personality and learning styles, Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 20, pp. 293-300.Lessem, R. Baruch, Y. (2000) Testing the SMT and Belbin Inventory in Top Management Teams, Leadership and face Development Journal, 21(1/2), pp.75-83Morgan, A. Barbour, K. (2008) An initial study into the personality types of undergraduate business students. transactions of the Academy of Educational Leadership, 13(1), pp.33-38Saggino, A. Cooper, C. Kline, P. (2001) A confirmatory factor analysis of the Myers-Briggs Ty pe Indicator, Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), pp. 3-9.

Large Scale Milk Power Production

Large Scale teach out causation w argonIntroduction take out pulverize production is a in truth simple assist. But now it become on a man-sized scale. It involves the gentle removal of water system at the lowest possible appeal beneath hard health conditions. But while this bear upon we lack to retain all the desirable natural properties of the take out such as color, flavor, solubility, nutritional value.thither are two types of take out.Whole draw (full cream)- typically about 87% waterSkim take out-about 91% waterDuring take out pulverization production, this water is removed by boiling the take out under lessen compact and low temperature. This special process is known as evaporation. The top is gruelling draw. Then it sprayed in a fine obliterate into hot air to remove further moisture and then stop a pulverisationize.Approximately 13 kg of whole take out mill (WMP) or 9 kg of jump off milk grind (SMP) earth-closet be made from coulomb L of whole milk. pick upDemand of powdered milk is world increased according to the rate of the tribe growth of Sri Lanka. The calculated requirement of milk powder in 2015 is 91156730.43kg, shown in hedge 1.Table 1 Estimated Requirement of milk powder 2010-2015 socio-economic class201020112012201320142015Population( trillion)20.65320.86920.32820.48320.64620.812Recommended Dietary Allowance (ml/.person/day)100100100100100100Requirement of Milk ( zillion liters)753.834761.719741.972747.630753.611759.639Requirement of Milk pulverize ( gazillion kg)90.46091.40689.03789.71690.43391.157World lingo. Population. Retrieved from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTLWorld Bank. Population growth (annual %). Retrieved from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROWMinistry of gunstock and Rural Community Department. (2010). Diary Development Project. Retrieved from http//www.livestock.gov.lk/site/images/stories/dairy_deve.project_rev_150_last.pdfSupply come confer of milk powder is fulfilled by local productions and imports. As local production of milk powder in the first half of 2014 has increased 65% than 2013, the amount of imported milk powder decreases 10% to 32,500 metric tons in the first half of 2014.Central Bank of Sri Lanka. (2013). yearly Report. (ISBN 978-955-575-288-6). Retrieved from http//www.cbsl.gov.lk/Figure 1 Production and Imports of milk powder 1998-2010 farming and Environmental Statistics Division. Milk Production. Retrieved from http//www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/ gillyflower/MilkProduction.htmlTotal supply of milk powder throne be calculated by using milk powder consumption and population. Local production of milk powder is estimated by using annual imports and total production. Estimated total production of milk powder leave alone be increased by about 1.8% to 86.97 million kilograms by the 2015. Imports were reduced due to investigation of DCD and melamine in imported milk powder from New Zealand and duty taxes. Local produ ctions are being up about 65% during 2013 and 2014 and estimated local production of 2015 is 25.22 million kilograms, shown in table 2.Table 2 Estimated Milk Production 2013-2015YearUnit201320142015Milk Powder Consumptionaverage month per person341.36g344.77g348.22gTotal ProductionMillion.kg83.9185.4286.97ImportsMillion.kg71.56561.75Local ProductionMillion.kg12.4120.4225.22Department of Census and Statistics. (2012/13). Household Income and economic consumption Survey. (ISBN978-955-577-856-5). Retrieved from www.statistics.gov.lkFigure 2 guessing of Production and Imports of milk powder 2015ForecastAbout 91.16 million kilograms of milk powder will be need to satisfy the demand of 2015, but 86.97 million kilograms of milk powder will be supplied by present in rubbleries and imports. The estimated gap of 4.19 million kilograms of milk powder should be produced by Sri Lankan saucy milk supply.Figure 3 Annual Milk ProductionAgriculture and Environmental Statistics Division. Milk Production. Retrieved from http//www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/Livestock/MilkProduction.htmlEstimated fresh milk production of year 2015 will be 309.28 million litres, shown in figure 3. If all fresh milk converted into milk powder, 37.11 million kilograms of milk powder will be produced.Table 3 Estimated Production of Milk Powder from Sri Lankan Milk Supply 2015Estimated Demand91.16 million kgEstimated Imports61.75 million kgRequired Local Production29.41 million kgEstimated Fresh Milk Production309.28 mllion lFeasible Milk Powder Production37.11 million kgThe fresh milk supply of Sri Lanka is nearly enough for fulfil required local milk powder production of 29.75 million kilograms of 2015. Therefore milk powder production is a feasible industry for Sri Lanka.PROCESSThere are five principal(prenominal) unit operations.SeparationPre fomentingEvaporationSpray DryingPackaging and Storage separationThis is the first step of milk powder production. Milk powder manufacturing is st arts with fetching the raw milk to dairy factory. Then pasteurize them. There is a machine called centrifugal cream separator. It use to separate raw milk into skim milk and whole milk.When whole milk powder is to be manufactured, a portion of this whole milk powder is added back to the skim milk. The reason is to produce milk with standardized fat content. Typically milk powder should sacrifice 26-30% of fat content. Surplus cream is used to crystallise butter.PREHEATINGThe next step in the milk powder process is preheating. In this process standardized milk is heated to temperatures in the midst of 75 C and 120 C. this temperature is held for a specified cadence from few seconds to several minutes. deal 72C foe 15s.Preheating causescontrolled denaturation of the whey proteins in the milkIt destroys bacteria, inactivates enzymesGenerates natural antioxidantsImparts heat stability.The accept heating/holding conditions depends on the type of product and its intended end-use. h eights preheats in whole milk powder are associated with improved charge quality. But it reduce solubility.Three types of PreheatingIndirect (via heat exchangers)These indirect heaters are generally used waste heat from other parts of the process as an energy saving measure.Direct (via steam injection or infusion into the product)Mixture of the two.EVAPORATIONIn this step the preheated milk is change stated in stages.After evaporation we support produce9% of skim milk13% of whole milkThis is achieved by boiling the milk under a vacuum. The temperature is below 72C in a parentageing take on on the inside of vertical tubes. And water is removed as vapour.This vapour, which may be thermally or mechanically compressed, is next used to heat the milk which in the next effect of the evaporator. It may be operated at a lower pressure and temperature than the preceding effect.Modern plants may have more effects for maximum energy efficiency. More than 85% of the water in the milk is r emoved in the evaporator.Evaporators are extremely noisy. case is the large quantity of water vapour travelling at very(prenominal) high speeds inside its tubes.SPRAY DRYINGSpray drying is the step of atomizing the milk concentrate from the evaporator next into fine droplets. This is done inside a large chamber. There is a flow of hot air in the chamber. The temperature of this air is up to 200C. This flow of air is holed by using either a go around disk atomizer or a series of high pressure nozzles.The milk droplets are cooled by evaporation. And they neer reach the temperature of the air. And these milk droplets never reach the temperature of air. The concentrate may be heated prior to fragmentation to reduce its viscosity and to increase the energy available for drying.Much of the stay water is evaporated in the drying chamber. It leave fine powder of around 6% moisture content with a mean particle size ( encase AND STORAGEMilk powders are immensely more stable than fresh mi lk.But milk powder is nourishion from moisture, group O, light and heat. It is needed in order to maintain their quality and shelf life. Milk powders quickly take up moisture from air and leading to a rapid red ink of quality and caking or lumping. The fat in whole milk powder gage react with oxygen in the air to give a off flavor. It obtains at especially high storage temperatures. (30C)Milk powder is packed into either plastic bags or bulk bins. Whole milk powders are often packed under nitrogen gas to protect the product from oxidation and in addition maintain their flavor and extend their safekeeping quality. The packaging is chosen to provide a obstruction to moisture is air, oxygen and light.Bags also consist of several layers to provide strength and the necessary barrier properties.cHEALTH AND SAFETYPhysical hazardsBiological hazardsChemical hazards motion picture to heat, cold, and radiationNoise and VibrationsPHYSICAL HAZARDSPhysical hazards include exposure to aki n-level fall hazards due to slippery conditions, the use of machines and tools, and collisions with internal transport equipment (e.g. forklift trucks and containers).How do fall happen?Statistics show that the majority (66%) of falls happen on the same level resulting from slips and trips. The remaining 34% are falls from a height.SlipsSlips happen where there is too little friction or traction between the footwear and the walk surface. Common causes of slips arewet or oleaginous surfacesoccasional spillsweather hazardsloose, unanchored rugs or matsflooring or other base on balls surfaces that do not have same degree of traction in all areasTripsTrips happen when foot collides (strikes, hits) an object causing you to lose the eternal sleep and, eventually fall. Common causes of tripping areobstructed view short(p) lightingclutter in your waywrinkled carpetinguncovered cablesbottom drawers not being closeduneven (steps, thresholds) walking surfacesIn addition to above mentioned reasons collision with transportation vehicles when lifting the packages into the truck also contribute to physical hazards to people working in the touch on factory. biologic HAZARDSExposure to biological and microbiological agents may be associated with inhalation and ingestion of dust and aerosols, particularly in milk powder operations. Dust from the ingredients used in dairy processing and high levels of humidity may cause struggle irritation or other allergic reactions.The elaboration of above stated point is that in diary processing plants due to the presence of microbiological agents composite in the milk products can cause infections to employees working there.It can also be seen there that emissions of dust particles from the burning of aerosols used for obtaining energy can also cause respiratory diseasesInhaling of particulates from the milk powder production can also cause respiratory diseases in employees. The present study provides immature evidence that workers undecided to milk powder by inhalation are at an increased risk of nasal symptoms, wheezing and breathlessness, and exhibit reduced Spiro metric lung function, even at relatively low air concentrations of milk dust.CHEMICAL HAZARDSExposure to chemicals (including gases and vapors) typically involves chemical-handling activities related to cleaning operations and disinfection of process areas, in addition to the maintenance of heating (thermal oils).In milk processing factories certain chemicals are used for sanitizing, detergents for cleaning of storage tanks as well as emission of certain gases (CO2, CO, NOX, SO2) in the process of combustion can cause smog which in turn is carcinogenic. As well as emission of CFCs and NH3 into the air as a result of leakage and stripping of chilling machines when out of use.EXPOSURE TO HEAT, RADIATION AND inhumanIn the production of milk powder employees are frequently exposed to heat due to heating up of machines and near the evaporation unit. iciness can be experienced by employees in the cooling board for the storage of the milk. In the pasteurization process small amount of da Gamma rays are used which is dangerous to employees since frequent radiation for small time frequently can also be dangerous as being exposed for a long time.REFERENCESImported and Manufactured Food course of instruction Inspection manual of arms Canadian food inspection agencyManual for sanctuary by Canadian centre for Occupational health and safetyRespiratory effects of occupational exposures in a milk powder factory by Sripaiboonkij P, Phanprasit W, Jaakkola MS from the records of US National Library of Medicine.Articles from FAO somatic Document Repository.