5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security

5 Basic Principles Of null SecurityEnergy protective c all overing is put in first place among the priorities facing the European federation. Although the riddles of ensuring elan vital pledge were standing in front of a join Europe from the beginning of the integration process in late geezerhood they have acquired the greatest relevance and immensity for the EU. This is due to the fact that straight off the EU depends 50% on external push notwithstandington supplies to its market and on the policies pursued by supplier states. In addition, European countries are have-to doe with about the well-kn possess problems with the brawn fork out for them against the backdrop of turm crude oil colour amongst Russia, as the main EU postcode supplier and Belarus and Ukraine, by means of whose grease the Russian hydrocarbons are delivered to the West. Russian-Ukrainian standoff on the issue of liquid prices and transference is the major concern of EU member states and co mpel them to talk about the need to diversify skill supplies.Concentrating 7% of earth population, more than a quarter of world GDP and 20% of world trade, the EU has further 2% of the worlds black gold and 4% inseparable gun for hire. Limitation of its own resource base in Europe accounts for a signifi fagt dependance of the EU on external vigor supplies. The European inseparable shooter market is the third largest in the world. The book of gas consumption in EU countries reached 513 billion m3 (21% of world consumption). Russia is the second largest EU oil supplier and hand overs 33% of the EU black gold needs. The Russian Gazprom is the leader in EU immanent gas supplies with 46% of total. If we talk about security of postcode supplies, the main task in this area is the strength sectors geographical and resource diversification i.e. the expansion of add together sources, return routes and personal credit lines.The EU security in faculty sectorNABUKO I EUThe Eu ropean Union is seeking to protect self from energy dependence on Russia with diversification of natural gas supplies insurance policy by agreements with non-conventional energy suppliers, the Caspian states (Caspian states have merely 4-5% of worlds gas reserves). But due to the unreliability of Russian energy supplies through third countries (Belarus and Ukraine) as well as the possibility of using Russian resources as a political tool, trans interfaceing Caspian Sea hydrocarbons (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) to the West has acquired great importance to the EU.Improve tot up reliability and energy security EU trustworthy go throughation of the Southern Gas Corridor. The imagened corridor is composed of three move the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline (the project reserves for livery of natural gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan), capital of Azerbaijan Tbilisi Erzurum (from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey) and Nabucco (from Turkish filth, via B ulgaria, Romania, Hungary Austria).Thus, the reliability of energy provision in Europe is due to the changing geography of tack, change magnitude the function of exporting countries, the creation of new infrastructure facilities.In the face of increasing competition from non-traditional suppliers of hydrocarbons Russia is very important to maintain the competitiveness of their energy in the European market, to ensure effective and reliable conditions for their transit to westerly Europe.From the European Union course to diversify energy imports implies Russias post-Soviet space deterrence, to avoid enjoin or indirect control by the latter over the dig sector and transit infrastructure in surrounding areas.Revealing in this regard, the role of much(prenominal) organizations as the GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which can be an active role player in non-Russian energy supplies to European markets.Major energy projects GUAM is the tweed Stream. White Stream the idea of the Ukrainian side to diversify natural gas supplies to Europe and Ukraine and reducing dependence on Russia. According to the concept of developers this pipeline should pass along the Eurasian oil transport corridor, i.e. from Azerbaijan to the Georgian port of Supsa, and then across the Black Sea to Ukraine and onward to the EU, bypassing Russia.From a geopolitical point of view, the creation of transport corridor from east to west, bypassing Russia, on a plan of Brussels, exitTo diversify energy supplies to reduce dependence of the EU from Russia and frankincense ensure energy securityDismantle the transport system of the cause Soviet Union, largely through the territory of Russia and provides strategic control over the export of Central Asian energy resourcesOpen the path to European Union cooperation with countries seeking to establish independent from Russian energy dit routesEstablish control over the hydrocarbon resources of the region and non to allow these r esources were obtainable to RussiaAt the outlay of control over energy resources to ensure the disposal of political control over the countries of the regionSet the geopolitical pluralism, freedom (from Russia), the newly independent states.Implementation of the EU projects such(prenominal) as the Nabucco, whose excogitate capacity is 30 billion m 3 of gas per year, is a mingled challenge for the Russias study interests towards Europe and tangibly ask Russias conflicting policy and foreign economic activity.Russian energy resources ripening and policyEnergy policyRussias European direction is traditionally occupies a hint position in trade of fuel and energy resources. The EU has go up 53% of Russian oil exports and 62% natural gas.For Russia, with its unique geographical and geopolitical position, the problem of transit of energy resources are of situation importance, since it depends on the transit of hydrocarbons in the main markets of third countries. This implies the task of ensuring uninterrupted supplies of Russian energy exports to Europe.Improving energy security EU calls for Russia to develop and implement a wide range of policy and energy initiatives aimed at diversifying sources of come out of hydrocarbons. Passionate desire of Russia to find new routes for transporting oil and gas to the EU, bypassing the neighbors (Belarus and Ukraine), cracking reason a choice of routes is important because it allows not depending on the musical mode of the transit country.Currently, complex body classify of the North European Gas Pipeline blue stream (Nord Stream) testament blend under the Baltic Sea from Vyborg, Russia to Greifswald Ger some. expertness give be 55 billion m 3 of natural gas per year. Implementation of this project will help solve the problem of diversification of export flows of gas, will expand supply in Western Europe and the implementation of Russias obligations under the concluded and the future long-term contracts for the supply of natural gas.The second project is the South Stream (South Stream), which will run under the Black Sea from Novorossiysk to the Bulgarian port of Varna, and then differentiate into two branches and will pass through Serbia and Hungary to Austria through Greece to southern Italy. faculty will reach 60 billion m 3 of natural gas per year.The main objective of these projects is to provide direct communication amongst the seller (Russia) and guests (Western, Central and South-Eastern Europe), bypassing the territory of Belarus and Ukraine, through which the now Russian natural gas to the EU through pipelines Urengoi Pomary Uzhgorod and Yamal Europe.As a Eurasian power, Russia is of course interested in a free hand in its energy policy in all directions. At the end raises the question of correcting the trustworthy asymmetry of Russian energy exports in favor of the eastern direction. Russias national interest is to diversify markets for energy resources, expand ing the geography of supplies of hydrocarbons. Due to this, Russia reduces dependence on the potential risks and, of course, opens up new and promising markets.To enter the Asia-peaceable region will create a pipeline Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, which would consociate the oil fields of Western and Eastern Siberia to the ports of Primorsky Territory in Russia and provide access to the markets of the Asia Pacific region.This pipeline capacity of 80 million tonnes a year must pass from the Taishet (Irkutsk region), north of Lake Baikal through Skovorodino (Amur region) in the Pacific Kozmino Bay (Primorsky Krai).The priority of Russian foreign energy policy includes the construction of a branch in China from being built oil pipeline Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean. Power outlet will be 15 million tones a year.The implementation of the above projects will provide an opportunity to solve simultaneously the two some important geo-economic and geopolitical objectives p rovide a way out of Russian crude oil to the rapidly growing market of the Asia and the Pacific region and reduce dependence on the main buyer of energy.Tendencies of development of world energy markets and energy security issuesMalo history, why energy is needed, crucial statisticsIn our fast ontogenesis world, according to recent prognosis, energy consumption can grow up to 30% within next 15 years. World oil hire can became higher for 42% and natural gas consumption will rise for about 60%.Todays world market is characterised with four most important constituentsharp rise of energy necessity in ontogenesis Asian countries (up to 45% of perspective world growth in oil consumption)increasing gap amid demand and production volume of gas in economically developed countries (for example, by 2020 between 60% and 70% of gas consumption in Europe will be provided with the account of imports)insufficient capacity for the production, processing and transportation of oil and gas as well as the circumscribed possibilities of new sitesinsufficient foil of world energy marketAll these conditions presented to the fore the problem of energy security. Also, the ball-shapedization process with which the world has faced in the twentieth century, straight affect the sphere of world energetic1. The enormous energy demand growth in Asia intensified competition for stable and cheap energy sources and in many another(prenominal) parts of the world (especially rich in energy resources) occurring instability and conflicts. These circumstances make for to energy instability and large fluctuations in energy prices. World reserves of cheap energy are reduced, cut across the zenith of production while consumption is growing steadily. In light of these circumstances should be considered globular processes in the energy sector. If we take in attachment allocation of worlds energy reserves, it can be seen that every part of the world has some reserves or reserves are allocated within tenable range (e.g. Russia energy reserves are sufficient to cover cost increase European demand, Gulf of Mexico and Venezuela reserves are most convenient to America) Dijagrami. Experts sagacity say that there is sufficient energy reserves, but the cost of growth going to be sufficiently higher. World of cheap and accessible energy is definitely behind us. It is necessary to mention climate change and slowly growing tendency of reduction in CO2 emissions which will affect the consumption of fossil fuels but the world(prenominal) demand will not be reduced.Achieving global energy security will be reached by the world community implementation of measures in three main areas true(p) supply of the world economy traditional forms of energyIncrease the efficacy of energy resources and environmental protectionDevelopment and use of new energy sources.All world and especially developed countries and largest energy suppliers have to contribute to achieving energy security.Basi c doctrines of energy securityDespite all the differences in the approaches of major states, there are common points in the understanding energy security. In fact, it is possible to isolate the basic principles that are more or less shared by all states.Energy security is the rough-cut tariff of both the energy consumer and the energy supplier. This is acknowledged by all, but the problems arise where the consumer and provider begin to demand each from other guaranties of supply or pay for these supplies. For example, in a moderate variant, the demand for guaranties of supply can lead to the consumers request to allow him representing the economic interests of the company for development and transportation of energy resources in the provider country. This is the case where the EU requires from Russia open its energy sector for European investments. On the other hand, Russia sets requirements of direct accessing to the customer delivery systems. In the radical version assurance o f supply can be expressed in direct political and economic control towards supplier country, up to carrying out military operations against them. Also, in the recent history we have witnessed that supplier country can impose measures such as delivery cutoffs, which affected not only targeted countries but many others (Russia Ukraine and Russia Belarus disputes).However, there is a third option, presented by Asian countries. It is the willingness to guarantee delivery due on the one hand, the participation of companies representing the economic interests of consumers in developing energy resources in the provider country, on the other playing by the rules of the provider country and investing heavily in infrastructure, mining and transportation. In this case, it is not a simple commodity-payment scheme, but a more complex investment, insurance and other contractual relationships. The consumer provides his assurance of supply at the expense of investment in infrastructure provider , so as to optimize the supply chain, making it more modern, less costly, etc. Suppliers, allowing consumers to develop projects in their territory introduce not only secure and stable market, but withal a strategic investor.Thus, we are talking about the principle of responsibility and interdependence of consumer and provider2.Further, despite the limited number of countries that act as energy suppliers, development of events shows that there is competition between them moreover, the very limited number of suppliers can toughen this competition. Factor that stimulates competition among providers is definitely some other principle called diversification of sources and suppliers. At the moment there is competition between energy suppliers and it must also be built into the system of global energy security.The most important condition for this is the energy security depoliticization. In fact, the competition based on economic principles, competition for consumers is logical and app rehensible phenomenon. However, any use of energy resources for political purposes in the situation of go demand leads to conflict, consequences of which can be unpredictable. Every attempt to put energy as a subject of political conflict is challenge to the global energy security system. Thus, the principles of energy security are also the depoliticization and sporty competition. Moreover, if we can present the competition between suppliers, it is much more right phenomenon the competition between consumers. The global reduction of energy production will imply the competition among energy buyers and consequently instability in particular regions could appear.Economic development without stabile energy supply is impossible. Therefore, overcoming global problems such as poverty, epidemics, poor education, environmental challenge, without economic stability is unattainable. Energy supply and demand, market competition, joint investments, global warming, CO2 emissions, joint stabili ty and many other factors indicate that energy security is primarily a global issue so we can point at another principle, the principle of globality.. In this context, we should not forget that energy security is inseparable part of a global security system.Looking the importance of energy for the choice of life and life in general, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of cordial orientation of energy security for both individual countries and the world at large.